This study examines the interplay between ecosystem degradation and community resilience in the Lesser Himalayan regions of Darjeeling and Kalimpong, India. It focuses on collaborative, ecosystem driven strategies to mitigate the unique challenges brought by climate and land use management practices. Using a mix of spatial analysis, climate vulnerability assessment, and insights gathered from local communities, we highlight specific vulnerabilities unique to Darjeeling and Kalimpong’s mountain ecosystem. These vulnerabilities are intensified by the area’s diverse topography, climate, and ecology. Our approach compares existing land use management practices with innovative adaptation strategies that include local traditional knowledge. The findings reveal that global climate vulnerability models often fail to capture local context, and traditional and informal practices are more effective than formal plans in sustaining ecosystems and supporting community livelihoods. We advocate for a planning framework that integrates local knowledge and addresses both immediate ecological concerns and long-term sustainable development. The finding of this study aims to support policymakers in developing effective climate change adaptation strategies and enhancing the resilience of these mountain regions to the escalating impacts of climate change.