Topography and climate driven disparate late Holocene glacier dynamics in the heavily glaciated Higher Himalayan Chandrabhaga Basin, Northwest Himalaya
(2) Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), JNU Ring Road, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067
(3) Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, near Vasant Kunj, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, Delhi 110067
(4) North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing Mawkynroh, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya
Abstract
Lying at the juncture of the Indian Summer Monsoon and the Mid Latitude Westerly climatic systems, the rugged terrain of the Higher Himalayan Chandrabhaga basin (average elevation ~4000 m asl) bears heterogeneous climatic characters across its sub-basins. It hosts 845 glaciers and approximately 300 rock glaciers across various size and genetic categories. Analysis of climatic data suggests of a positive change in annual mean temperature at 0.05 level of significance, alongside decreasing winter precipitation between 1901-2023. A study of decadal frontal dynamics using medium (LANDSAT) to high resolution (PlanetScope) optical satellite imagery, exhibits heterogeneous glacier behavior between 2000 and 2023 across various sub-basins of the Chandrabhaga catchment. Majority of the glaciers (769) are small (50 sq km) showed relative stability wrt percentage reduction of glacierized area, frontal calving has been an active process resulting in the loss of ~3 km² of glacierized area, aided by the formation of proglacial lakes, continuously increasing in dimensions and peak discharge (Qmax) values. Vertical downgrading and side melt have been found to be eating away glacier health in smaller glaciers (<5 km²) poised on steeper slopes, in a disturbed mass balance scenario due to inadequate winter precipitation. While mean surface velocity of Miyar, a large valley glacier with higher mass has been calculated at 29 m/yr using remote sensing techniques, geophysical field data suggest of no surface velocity between 2017-2023 for a tributary glacier, Menthosa ~4 km² in glacierized area. The varied effect of sustained departures from seasonal climatic normals in this transitionary climatic zone has historically resulted in the disparate rates of glacial mass fluctuation within the sub-watershed of the Higher Himalayan Chandrabhaga basin since the LIA.