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FS 3.170

Approaching cold mountains through local knowledge exchange and collaboration

Session includes ...

FS 3.119: The Third Pole: Examining climate change experiences with indigenous communities in the Indian Himalayas

Session status: Accepted

Content last updated: 2025-09-25 22:24:10

Online available since: 2025-01-13 21:58:37

Details

Full Title
FS 3.170: Diversifying expertise on cold mountain regions - Decentering scientific epistemologies through local knowledge and collaboration on eye level
Scheduled
Talks:
2025-09-17, 16:00 - 17:45 (LT), SOWI – SR 11
Talks:
2025-09-17, 16:00 - 17:45 (LT), SOWI – SR 11
Convener
Walter, Anna-Maria
Co-Convener(s)
Steiner, Jakob; Shukla, Roopam; Vinogradov, Andrei; and Balasubramania, Suryanarayanan
Assigned to Synthesis Workshop
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Thematic Focus
#IMC25, Adaptation, Cryo- & Hydrosphere, Culture, Low-to-no-snow, Socio-Ecology
Keywords
glaciers, cryosphere, indigenous knowledge, collaboration, knowledge resource

Description

Nothing captures common attention for anthropogenic global warming like the changing cryosphere: glaciers are receding, permafrost is thawing, snow in winter is becoming less reliable, avalanche patterns are shifting. To understand the socioecological implications of these changes, there is a need to listen to the people who have lived with snow and ice for centuries. Their intimate knowledge adds cosmological, sensory and practical dimensions to the technoscientific approaches of glaciologists. Local communities are the ones who have to adapt to changing scenarios, and often do so in ingenious ways. Exchange with them – or the absence of it – influences the way scientists do and communicate the relevance of their work. We invite contributions from mountain ranges around the world, featuring different disciplinary backgrounds, and especially welcome voices of underrepresented communities and non-conventional research designs. What are instructive examples of bottom-up approaches to ice and snow (high pastures, mountain passes, etc.)? Which resources can be drawn upon? What kind of twists and turns does Indigenous knowledge take when trying to reach the international scientific community? How can exchange between different types of cryo-experts happen on eye level? We aim to challenge and advance cryosphere sciences by widening their epistemological base. Initiating avenues for exchange and collaboration as well as supporting local initiatives are important steps in overcoming hierarchical modes of knowledge exchange and to question (post)colonial modes of epistemological sovereignty.

Registered Abstracts

Date/time indicate the presentation; if available: the bracketed duration is added for end-of-presentation Q&A.

ID: 3.5700

|Zakir Hussain, Zakir

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:00 - 16:08 (+2min)

Zakir Hussain, Zakir

Local narratives of seeding and receding glaciers

Zakir Hussain, Z.

Anna-Maria, W.

Abstract/Description

“When I was a boy, in 1970s, the tail of our Gang Singe Glacier was at Bonbong that has now receded about 1.5 kilometers, if it continues, I fear we will end up having no glacier source for water upstream,” says Akhon Hassan (67 yrs) of Chunda. An interesting comment made by Mr. Bashir (65 yrs) of Kuru: “Our grandfathers grafted a glacier but interestingly it was a male glacier only. It spurts here and there, lifts boulders but does not give water, probably we need to graft another (female) glacier”, so after marriage it can give water for our needs. These kinds of ethnographic accounts and narratives based on the personal observations, experiences and inferences of local communities living in the neighborhood of glaciers for decades have deeper meanings and implications to understand climate change. If such statements are analyzed and decoded, workable local and indigenous solutions can be found that would be sustainable, eco-friendly and cost effective in nature. The drive of Ice-Reservoirs making by University of Baltistan is based on such indigenous insights. Other than Glacier Grafting, Ice-Towering and Avalanche Harvesting techniques, I have successfully experimented to grow irrigation scale ice-reservoirs in Baltistan. This paper presents an overview of these case studies.

ID: 3.9117

|Maharjan, Amina

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:10 - 16:18 (+2min)

Maharjan, Amina

Sustaining indigenous institution through climate and social uncertainties: Tale of two high mountain communities from Western Nepal

Maharjan, A.

Pasakhala, B.; Joshi, S.; Basnet, S.; Lama, P.; Bhattarai, I.; and Gurung, J.

Abstract/Description

Many settlements in the high mountain areas of the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region are often remote and marginalised but are inhabited by Indigenous communities who have developed unique practices to manage their natural resources based on local ecology and societal needs. In the Limi Valley and Kagbeni of western Nepal, Indigenous institutions that governs natural resources is deeply rooted in local history, culture and religion. Over the last two of decades, the local community has experienced a range of environmental and socio-economic changes, particularly climate change and migration, which have implications on Indigenous institutions. This study explores the social, economic, and cultural factors affecting the sustainability of the Indigenous institution, while identifying opportunities with policy implications. It draws on interviews and group discussions with community members of the Limi and Kagbeni and other stakeholders about climate change, migration, and their implications on functioning of the institution. Additionally, observations by the author team through repeated visits to the two communities also informed the study findings. The study findings highlight that increasing disaster risks such as floods, and rockfalls threaten cultural heritage and local livelihoods. Furthermore, youth outmigration for education or economic opportunities, and an increasingly ageing population poses serious challenges to maintaining the functioning of the traditional institution. However, the multi-local livelihood opportunities within and nearby areas have evolved as an adaptation strategy that have encouraged youth to return and engage in and sustaining the Indigenous institution. Place attachment, social bonding and cultural identity were major influencing factors among elderly population and youth to stay behind. The Indigenous institution is central to the identity of the both communities and their governance system, therefore, policy interventions need to recognize and support such Indigenous institutions to effectively address local livelihoods and climate challenges.

ID: 3.10939

|Negi, Aishwarya

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:20 - 16:28 (+2min)

Negi, Aishwarya

Differential Climate Change Impacts on Migrant and Resident Populations of the Indian cold deserts

Negi, A.

Singh, S.; and Nautiyal, R.

Abstract/Description

The indigenous communities of cold deserts of the Third Pole region are experiencing grave and adverse consequences of climate change, livelihoods being the most vulnerable of them, leading to migration of the communities in search of favourable climate. A study was conducted to identify the gap in understanding climate change and related awareness among residents of Lahaul and Spiti, part of the Indian cold deserts, by analyzing the difference in perception between migrants and permanent residents. Residents were categorized into migrants and permanent residents based on their duration of stay in the region, the cut-off point being 10 months. The responses of the Indigenous communities concerning climate change awareness and adaptation were obtained through a structured and pre-tested questionnaire and analysed using chi-square, and Mann-Whitney tests. The responses were also related to climatic trends. Additionally, the factors driving adaptation by permanent residents like choice of house type and use of renewable energy resources were also explored. It was found that permanent residents, relying more on natural resources and traditional subsistence practices, perceived greater threats from changing climatic patterns and their subsequent effects. In contrast, migrants demonstrated varied perceptions. A decline in snowfall coupled with rising temperatures, and erratic rainfall has led to changes in housing and agricultural patterns, respectively, highlighting how varying climate vulnerabilities influence adaptation strategies of the indigenous communities.

ID: 3.11207

|Marahatta, Suresh

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:30 - 16:38 (+2min)

Marahatta, Suresh

Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow Dynamics in Himalayan Region: Lessons from the Bheri River Basin, Nepal

Marahatta, S.

Aryal, D.; Pokharel, B.; Devkota, L.; and Paudel, H. K.

Abstract/Description

The Bheri River Basin (BRB) in Nepal, located in the Himalayan region, is currently experiencing significant hydrological shifts due to climate change. This research aims to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on the hydrological patterns of the BRB using future climate projections derived from downscaled CMIP6 GCM models. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was employed to simulate hydrological processes. The model demonstrated strong performance on both monthly and daily time scales. Projections indicate that the average annual temperature in the basin will increase by 0.8°C and 1.9°C under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, respectively, for the future period (2071–2100) compared to historical values (1985–2014). Additionally, precipitation is expected to increase slightly, by approximately 10% under both scenarios. These findings suggest that the combination of increased rainfall and enhanced snowmelt due to higher temperatures will lead to a rise in the discharge of the Bheri River. Specifically, projected discharge is estimated to increase by 12% under SSP245 and 22% under SSP585. Overall, the results indicate an increase in average annual discharge, with more pronounced changes under the high-emission scenario. However, on a monthly scale, river discharge is expected to decrease by 10% in January, February, and March, while it could increase by up to 60% in June. This shift in runoff patterns poses challenges for water users, particularly for planned storage/peaking hydropower and irrigation projects during the dry season. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of understanding potential hydrological shifts driven by climate change in the Bheri River Basin.

ID: 3.11227

|Aryal, Deepak

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:40 - 16:48 (+2min)

Aryal, Deepak

Nexus of Science and Society in Risk Perception: Lessons from the 2012 Seti River Flash Flood in Nepal

Aryal, D.

Paudel, J. M.; Pokharel, B.; Kattel, P.; and Munoz Christine, J. V.

Abstract/Description

Western science and local knowledge are often rooted in distinct epistemological and ontological frameworks, leading to divergent ideologies and approaches to understanding phenomena, including risks and risk perceptions. This work explores the potential for collaboration between western or natural science and local knowledge to better comprehend flood risks in mountainous regions, using the 2012 Seti River flash flood in central Nepal as a case study. In this study the scientific knowledge—supported by facts, figures, and models—explains the flood as a consequence of increased water levels triggered by changing precipitation patterns, rapid glacier melt, glacial lake outbursts, landslides, and river blockages. On the other hand, local narratives attribute the flood to moral decay, cosmological imbalances, spiritual indeterminacy, greed, and environmental disruptions. The study also examines the failure of a relocation program for flood-affected households, highlighting the disconnect between external interventions and local realities. Findings underscore that while western science and local perspectives differ fundamentally in their explanations of risk, neither approach alone can fully account for the complexity of flood-induced risks. In this work we are mainly focus on the interaction and collaboration between these knowledge systems that can serve as a critical meeting point for achieving a more contextual and holistic understanding of risks. By integrating diverse epistemologies, this study advocates for interdisciplinary approaches to risk assessment and disaster management.

ID: 3.11254

|Winkler, Michael

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 16:50 - 16:58 (+2min)

Winkler, Michael

Cross-border harmonization of site-specific avalanche risk assessment: the CAIROS project promotes the role of local avalanche commissions

Winkler, M.

Schwarz, J.; and Gasperi, A.

Abstract/Description

Site-specific avalanche risk assessment by panels of local people has a long tradition in many alpine regions. These risk managers are often referred to as avalanche commissions. Their decisions are significant for a functioning everyday life in mountainous regions in wintertime: they ensure a responsible use of infrastructures, transportation of people and goods, tourism, energy supply, etc. The avalanche commissioners’ job is assessing the local risk and suggesting proper mitigation measures to minimize it.

Avalanche commissions aggregate their own observations and expertise, weather station data, forecasts and model outputs as well as the information provided by the regional avalanche warning services. Documentation and proper communication are key. In this context, national and provincial borders often encumber the cooperation between neighboring avalanche commissions and introduce unnecessary complications.

The Interreg project CAIROS aims to foster cross-border collaboration between multinational and multilingual regions within the European Union. Tyrol, South Tyrol and Trentino represent such an “EU region” with many historic, cultural and geographic similarities. Standardizing the working methods and training of avalanche commissions across the Austrian-Italian border is a major goal of the project. This will support consistent decisions and, consequently, a greater acceptance of potential restrictions by the public. During the CAIROS project, a general survey of the avalanche commissions in the project area is conducted. Furthermore, the project is based on three main pillars: (1) a training curriculum that can be used in all three regions despite legal and organizational differences, (2) a common software platform to facilitate information gathering, decision-making, documentation and communication, taking an open-source and mobile-first approach, (3) easy-to-use daily avalanche simulations derivated from the open-source avalanche simulation tool AvaFrame.

With its contribution to IMC 2025, the CAIROS team would like to highlight the proven system of avalanche commissions as a risk-conscious, site-specific approach to mitigate avalanche hazards incorporating the knowledge of the native population.

ID: 3.11693

|Gaul, Nicole

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 17:00 - 17:08 (+2min)

Gaul, Nicole

A youth-based glacio-hydrological monitoring program in Tongait KakKasuangita SilakKijapvinga (Torngat Mountains National Park), Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada

Gaul, N.

Way, R.; Trant, A.; Le, N.; Barone, K.; Barrand, N.; Mallalieu, J.; Saunders, M.; Rendell, E.; Wang, Y.; Lightfoot, H.; Denniston, M.; Jacque, E.; Jacque, H.; Sheppard, J.; and Wyatt, K.

Abstract/Description

The Tongait KakKasuangita SilakKijapvinga (Torngat Mountains National Park) is a remote Arctic cordilleran landscape in Nunatsiavut, Labrador, and the historic homelands of the Avanimiut who were forcibly removed in the mid 1900s. The Park is cooperatively managed by the Inuit of Nunatsiavut (Labrador), the Inuit of Nunavik (Québec), and Parks Canada. The Park contains 105 small glaciers (simmik or aujuituk in Inuttitut) that remain locally significant for their meltwater contributions to watersheds, hosting cultural keystone species like tuttuk (Caribou), ikKaluk (Arctic char), and aKiggik (Ptarmigan).

Regional climate warming has likely impacted Torngat glaciers, but their current state remains uncertain due to a lack of recent observations. Glaciological mass balance records from the 1980s suggest a net balance; however, geodetic mass balance surveys in the late-2000s showed ice thinning. Climate-driven changes to snow and ice may shift these glacio-hydrological systems from meltwater-driven to precipitation-driven, with effects on ecosystem services, connected habitats, and community resource use. Further, warmer streamflow could impact cold-water fish species, like ikKaluk, while changes to snow may alter riparian and upland habitat. This work contributes to building an integrated monitoring framework that will evaluate climate change impacts on upstream systems and support Inuit-led efforts to maintain ecological integrity in the Torngat Mountains, a goal recently identified in the Park’s 2023 Management Plan.

We report on a new participatory glacio-hydrological monitoring program which aims to establish mass balance, meteorological, and watershed monitoring for a small cirque glacier in the southern end of the Torngat Mountains. Our approach focuses on piloting participatory and community-based research methods to support capacity building, and empower Inuit Youth Research Technicians to contribute, direct, and maintain robust glacio-hydrological monitoring programs well beyond this project. Preliminary results will include uncrewed aerial vehicle-derived changes in glacier surface elevation from 2023, 2024, and 2025, a ground penetrating radar survey, and downstream LiDAR-based water level monitoring. This collaborative research enables University researchers, Government staff, and Inuit youth to develop a unique and interdisciplinary monitoring program in one of the most understudied glacierized regions in Canada.

ID: 3.12086

|Ahmed, Sultan

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 17:10 - 17:18 (+2min)

Ahmed, Sultan

Disaster, Liminality and Wakhis in the High Mountain Asia: A Networked and Discursive approach to Resilience

Ahmed, S.

Abstract/Description

This study investigates the resilience of the Wakhi community in High Mountain Asia, analyzing the multifaceted challenges posed by disasters through the lens of spatial, temporal, political, cultural, and environmental liminality, as well as Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA). The Pamirian Knot, a geographical threshold between South and Central Asia, embodies spatial liminality, where the region’s landscape exacerbates hazardous events such as floods, avalanches and landslides. Temporally, the Wakhi’s historical experiences at the crossroads of empires and state building processes highlight their adaptive responses to external pressures and disaster events. Culturally, the community navigates the balance between Indigenous Knowledge and modern disaster management strategies. Politically, shifting geopolitical interests and varying governance structures across four countries influence disaster response and community dynamics. Environmentally, climate change exacerbates hazardous events, heightening community fears and transforming risk landscapes. By applying ANT, this study maps the relational networks that shape disaster resilience, emphasizing the interplay between human actors (e.g., organizations, government, community groups) and non-human actors (e.g., climate change, infrastructure, technologies). Through FDA, it critiques dominant disaster management discourses, highlighting how colonial and post-colonial narratives marginalize the Wakhi’s Indigenous Knowledge. The research underscores the need to reclaim Indigenous practices and promoting culturally sensitive approaches to enhance resilience. Through detailed case studies of specific disasters, the study illustrates community responses and outcomes, offering insights into effective practices for disaster risk communication and resilience. The findings emphasize the need for integrated approaches that consider all dimensions of liminality, networked interactions and discursive power dynamics to support the Wakhi community’s resilience. This study contributes to the broader understanding of disaster resilience in marginalized regions advocating for policies and practices that empower local communities and respect their cultural heritage. Future research should continue to explore the interconnectedness of these factors and promote interdisciplinary and participatory approaches to studying disaster resilience.

ID: 3.12728

|Gattinger, Daniel

SOWI – SR 11

2025-09-17 17:20 - 17:28 (+2min)

Gattinger, Daniel

Bridging Science and Youth: Communicating Antibiotic Resistance in Alpine Regions

Gattinger, D.

Schlenz, V.; Weil, T.; and Sattler, B.

Abstract/Description

Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest global threats of the 21st century, affecting not only human health but also ecosystems worldwide. Even relatively remote environments, such as glacial and alpine regions, harbor bacterial communities with both intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms. Alpine glaciers serve as valuable indicators of how antibiotic resistance spreads in natural environments far from urbanized areas. For a long time, the role of bacteria in these regions has been underestimated. Yet, glacial meltwater can act as a pathway for resistant microbes to enter downstream ecosystems, potentially increasing selective pressure and accelerating resistance spread. Our research has shown that glacier bacteria can withstand up to eight different antibiotics, including last-resort substances, underscoring the urgent need to better understand these regions in the fight against global antibiotic resistance.
However, as a “One Health” issue, addressing antibiotic resistance requires a collaborative effort among science, healthcare, policymakers, and the general public. Therefore, effective communication is crucial to ensure awareness and behavioral change. Young people, particularly teenagers, represent a key but often overlooked audience in this dialogue. However, their engagement is essential, as they will shape future policies, consumption patterns, and scientific progress.
Here, we explore strategies to effectively communicate the complexities of antibiotic resistance in alpine regions to young audiences. Initiatives such as youth-friendly journal editions (e.g., Frontiers for Young Minds), and interactive outreach activities, can bridge the gap between research and public understanding. By incorporating the challenges and opportunities of these remote landscapes – such as antibiotic dispersal in glacier ecosystems, the role of human activities (e.g., tourism), and the resilience of high-altitude microbial communities – we can make scientific knowledge more tangible and relevant. Approaching young people through reliable communication pathways can foster a better understanding of complex scientific “One Health” challenges, strengthening knowledge on environmental antibiotic resistance, the benefits and risks of antibiotic use, and ways to minimize secondary harms.

Submitted Abstracts

ID: 3.5700

Local narratives of seeding and receding glaciers

Zakir Zakir Hussain
Anna-Maria, Walter

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.9117

Sustaining indigenous institution through climate and social uncertainties: Tale of two high mountain communities from Western Nepal

Amina Maharjan
Pasakhala, Binaya; Joshi, Srijana; Basnet, Sunayana; Lama, Paljor; Bhattarai, Ishwari; Gurung, Janita

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.10939

Differential Climate Change Impacts on Migrant and Resident Populations of the Indian cold deserts

Aishwarya Negi
Singh, Sanjay; Nautiyal, Raman

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.11207

Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow Dynamics in Himalayan Region: Lessons from the Bheri River Basin, Nepal

Suresh Marahatta
Aryal, Deepak; Pokharel, Binod; Devkota, Laxmi; Paudel, Him Kiran

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.11227

Nexus of Science and Society in Risk Perception: Lessons from the 2012 Seti River Flash Flood in Nepal

Deepak Aryal
Paudel, Jiban Mani; Pokharel, Binod; Kattel, Parameshwari; Munoz Christine, Jurt Vicuna

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.11254

Cross-border harmonization of site-specific avalanche risk assessment: the CAIROS project promotes the role of local avalanche commissions

Michael Winkler
Schwarz, Jakob; Gasperi, Alice

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.11693

A youth-based glacio-hydrological monitoring program in Tongait KakKasuangita SilakKijapvinga (Torngat Mountains National Park), Nunatsiavut, Labrador, Canada

Nicole Gaul
Way, Robert; Trant, Andrew; Le, Nhu; Barone, Katryna; Barrand, Nicholas; Mallalieu, Joseph; Saunders, Michelle; Rendell, Erin; Wang, Yifeng; Lightfoot, Holly; Denniston, Melissa; Jacque, Ella; Jacque, Hanson; Sheppard, Jessica; Wyatt, Kayla

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.11951

Glaciers as Legal Entities: Perspectives on the Rights of Nature for Climate Resilience at the Third Pole

Katie Conlon
Lundup, Jigmet

Abstract/Description

Glaciers as Legal Entities: Perspectives on the Rights of Nature for Climate Resilience at the Third Pole

Authors: Katie Conlon, Jigmet Lundup
Keywords: Glaciers; Rights of Nature; Himalaya, climate change; watershed; resilience; conservation

Accelerated retreat of glaciers attributed to climate change presents notable challenges to water security, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of local populations at the Third Pole, the Himalayas. This research explores the possibility of granting legal rights to glaciers in Ladakh as a strategy for enhancing climate resilience by using the emerging Rights of Nature paradigm. Acknowledging glaciers as legal entities empowers affected communities to advocate for their conservation and hold responsible parties accountable for environmental degradation or raise their voices on behalf of the glaciers. This study evaluates the alignment of Rights of Nature principles with the environmental governance structures and legal frameworks that exist in Ladakh and India, and looks into the important role that local communities, particularly traditional knowledge custodians play in glacier preservation and water resource management. In summation, this perspective piece recognises natural rights as strengthening governance structures in vulnerable mountain ecosystems and proposes legally recognising glaciers for significantly improving climate resilience by protecting freshwater sources, facilitating sustainable water governance, and encouraging community stewardship. However, challenges such as enforcing legal provisions, potential conflicts with existing water rights, and establishing appropriate guardianship frameworks require careful consideration.

ID: 3.12086

Disaster, Liminality and Wakhis in the High Mountain Asia: A Networked and Discursive approach to Resilience

Sultan Ahmed

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.12728

Bridging Science and Youth: Communicating Antibiotic Resistance in Alpine Regions

Daniel Gattinger
Schlenz, Valentin; Weil, Tobias; Sattler, Birgit

Abstract/Description

ID: 3.13333

Multifunctional landscapes of Darjeeling district – patterns of rural change

Reinmar Seidler

Abstract/Description

Abstract
The land sparing/sharing debate of the 2000s-2010s has transitioned into an exploration of different perspectives on the utility of multifunctional landscapes (MFL). This research trend was the result of two empirical observations: 1) Biodiversity loss has accelerated in many parts of Europe over several decades, during which historical patterns of land-sharing have gradually morphed, under commercial pressures, into patterns more oriented toward land-sparing. 2) The concept of Environmental Services (ES) has offered a broad-based argument for landscape multifunctionality as a provider of multiple critical services besides food production.
There is also an emergent literature on design and planning of MFL. These discussions do not always acknowledge that opportunities to design or plan MFL are, in a practical sense, vanishingly few at the global scale. Much more common (particularly in tropical and less-developed regions) are MFL that are outcomes of historical contingency – often involving combinations of population growth, contested land-use rights, and subsistence production ongoing until recently. Many of today’s most characteristic MFL are also found in mountainous regions where large-scale, mechanized agriculture remains impractical, farming by hand and using domestic animals remains the norm, and farm plots are small or commercially marginal. Such landscapes are difficult to “redesign,” even where greater potential efficiencies are easy to envision.
Here we examine an example of such a multifunctional landscape in the mid-hills of Indian Eastern Himalaya. We characterize the landscape from geographical, ecological and social-economic perspectives. Based on panel data from a decade of work in Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts, we show that the multifunctionality of these landscapes is undergoing a relatively rapid transformation under pressures of
• commercial agricultural marketization,
• ongoing subdivision of family land,
• growth of land markets and transportation networks, and
• chronic / acute loss of crops to wild herbivores.
Over 10 years, the trends are away from generalist smallholder agriculture and toward:
• land abandonment or disuse
• greater agricultural specialization
• village community absorption into the hinterlands of larger towns and cities
• greater economic emphasis on ecosystem services, especially nature tourism.

FS 3.168: A multidisciplinary approach to the science and conservation of global mountain spring ecosystems

FS 3.173: Competiting visions of socio-ecological transformations in mountain territories : analyzing the role of conflicts

FS 3.170

Approaching cold mountains through local knowledge exchange and collaboration

Session includes ...

Details

Full Title

Scheduled

Convener

Co-Convener(s)

Assigned to Synthesis Workshop

Thematic Focus

Keywords

Description

Registered Abstracts

Abstract/Description

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Submitted Abstracts

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